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A. D. |
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30 |
Crucifixion of Jesus. |
43 |
Roman General, Aulus Plautius, invades and conquers Britain south of the Humber. |
61 |
Rebellion of Boadicea, British warrior-queen, against the Roman invaders; the rebellion fails. |
78-81 |
Julius Agricola, Roman Governor of Britain, completes the Roman conquest. |
120 |
Hadrian’s Wall built to mark northern limit of Roman occupation, and to keep out the wild tribes in the north of the island. |
330 |
Constantinople built by Emperor Constantine. |
410 |
Roman soldiers withdraw from Britain in order to defend Rome against the attacks of their barbarian neighbours. Alaric the Goth captures Rome. |
449 |
Beginnings of settlements in Britain by Jutes, Angles and Saxons, who sail across the North Sea in open boats. |
451 |
Attila the Hun repulsed at Chalons in France. |
476 |
Fall of the Roman Empire of the West. |
530 |
St. Benedict begins his monasteries. Saxons establish the Kingdom of Wessex. |
597 |
Augustine arrives in Britain, sent by Pope Gregory to spread Christianity; he baptizes Ethelbert, King of Kent. |
617 |
King of Northumbria subdues all England except Kent. |
622 |
Mohammedan religion founded in Arabia. |
626 |
Kingdom of Mercia rises to greatness. |
655 |
Oswy of Northumbria defeats Mercia and gains supremacy. |
664 |
Synod of Whitby, summoned by King Oswy of Northumbria, allies English Church with Rome. |
711 |
Moors cross from North Africa into Spain. |
732 |
Moors repulsed from France by Charles Martel. |
758 |
Mercia, under King Offa, becomes the strongest English kingdom; Offa builds a dyke to keep back the Welsh. |
800 |
Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. |
829 |
Wessex victory over Mercia. Egbert recognized as first King of All England. |
854 |
Norsemen from Denmark and Norway settle in southern England. |
867 |
Danish kingdom established in northern England. |
870 |
Danes conquer East Anglia and settle there. |
871 |
Ethelred and Alfred defeat the Danes at Ashdown. Alfred succeeds to the throne of Wessex. |
878 |
Alfred and the Danish leader, Guthrum, sign Treaty of Wedmore and divide England between them. |
888 |
Empire founded by Charlemagne breaks up. |
899 |
Edward the Elder succeeds Alfred the Great and recaptures most of Danish England. |
911 |
Norsemen settle in Normandy. |
959 |
Edgar the Peaceful becomes king of a united England and receives homage from Wales and Ireland. |
960 |
Dunstan, chief minister to Edgar, appointed Archbishop of Canterbury; he rules with vigour and wisdom. |
962 |
Otto the Great of Germany revives the Holy Roman Empire. |
979 |
Ethelred the Unready unable to throw back new Danish invasions into England. |
992 |
Ethelred levies the Danegeld, a sum of money to buy off the Danes and so keep them within certain limits of territory. |
1000 |
Norsemen discover North America (Vinland). |
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1006 |
Mohammedans invade North-west India. |
1013 |
Sweyn of Denmark invades England; flight of Ethelred to Normandy with his family and Norman wife. |
1016 |
Death of Ethelred in exile. |
1017 |
Sweyn’s son, Canute, proclaimed King of England, England thus becoming part of his empire, which included Denmark and, later, Norway. |
1035 |
Death of Canute; he is succeeded by his son, Harold. |
1040 |
Harold dies and is succeeded by his brother, Hardicanute, who re-imposes the Danegeld. |
1042 |
Edward the Confessor, son of Ethelred, succeeds to the throne; he is said to have named William of Normandy as his successor. |
1055 |
Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad. |
1066 |
Harold, son of Earl Godwin of Wessex, elected king by the English Witan or Council of Wise Men. William, Duke of Normandy, invades England. Battle of Hastings, in which Harold is killed. |
1070 |
Normans introduce Feudal System into England. Hereward the Wake rebels against Normans and holds out in the Isle of Ely. |
1073 |
Hildebrand becomes Pope Gregory VII. Beginning of struggle between Pope and Emperor. |
1074 |
Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem. |
1086 |
Domesday Book, a survey of the land and buildings of England, made for tax purposes. |
1087 |
Death of William the Conqueror. Barons’ revolt against his son, William II, defeated. |
1096 |
Beginning of the Crusades, in which armies from Europe go to Palestine to wrest the Holy Land from the Saracens. |
1099 |
Crusaders recapture Jerusalem. |
1100 |
Henry I becomes king. His Charter of Liberties restores Saxon laws. |
1106 |
Henry I extends his rule over Normandy and Wales. |
1122 |
Concordat of Worms between Pope and Emperor. |
1135 |
Stephen becomes king, although he had sworn to support his cousin Matilda’s claim to the throne. |
1138 |
Scots invade England and are defeated at the Battle of the Standard, fought near Northallerton in Yorkshire. |
1141 |
Stephen imprisoned by Matilda, who proves an unpopular ruler and is overthrown. |
1147 |
Second Crusade. |
1154 |
Henry II, ruler of the greater part of France, succeeds to the English throne. |
1155 |
Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor. |
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1164 |
Constitutions of Clarendon define relations between Church and State. Archbishop Becket opposes Henry II’s reform of the Church. |
1166 |
Creation of “Common Law” and Jury System. |
1170 |
Murder of Becket in Canterbury Cathedral by four of the King’s knights: for this the King does penance. |
1171 |
Conquest of Ireland by Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke. Henry II assumes the tide of Lord of Ireland. |
1174 |
William the Lion, King of Scots, invades England but is defeated and pays homage. |
1187 |
Saladin captures Jerusalem from Crusaders. |
1189 |
Richard I succeeds Henry II. Receives payment from William the Lion for Scotland’s independence. |
1192 |
Richard I defeats Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, in the Third Crusade. Richard I captured by his rivals, the German princes, but after two years ransomed from captivity in Germany. |
1199 |
John, Henry II’s youngest son, appointed king. |
1204 |
Loss of Normandy and other English possessions in France. Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople. |
1206 |
King John opposes the Pope’s choice of Archbishop of Canterbury. The Pope puts England under a ban. |
1213 |
Genghis Khan and his Mongol army conquer China. King John submits to the Pope in anticipation of aid for reconquest of French territories. |
1214 |
John’s allies defeated at the Battle of Bouvines in Flanders. |
1215 |
Barons rebel against King John. John agrees to Magna Carta. Grievances of the Barons and Church redressed. Power of the monarchy limited. |
1216 |
Death of John; he is succeeded by his son, Henry III, a boy of nine. |
1217 |
Treaty of Lambeth ends French invasion of England. |
1221 |
Religious revival in England; arrival of Dominican and Franciscan friars. |
1241 |
Invasion of Europe by the Mongols of Central Asia. |
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1242 |
Great Council refuses grants to Henry III for re-conquest of France. |
1258 |
Simon de Montfort and the Barons compel Henry III to rule with Council of Barons (Provisions of Oxford). |
1264 |
Civil War: Simon defeats Henry III at the Battle of Lewes. |
1265 |
Simon de Montfort’s parliament of Barons, Church and Shire representatives; he is later defeated and killed at Battle of Evesham by Edward, son of Henry Ill. |
1272 |
Edward I proclaimed king. |
1284 |
Edward I completes the conquest of Wales and begins . building castles to maintain his authority. First Prince of Wales hom at Caemarvon. |
1291 |
Acre, last Crusader stronghold, falls. |
1295 |
Model Parliament of Barons, Church and Commons summoned by Edward I. Marco Polo returns after twenty-four years in China and Asia. |
1296 |
Edward I defeats the Scots at Dunbar and captures the Stone of Destiny on which Scottish kings had been crowned. |
1297 |
Scottish War of Independence begins; William Wallace defeats the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. |
1298 |
Wallace defeated at the Battle of Falkirk by Edward I. |
1307 |
Edward II becomes king. |
1314 |
Edward II defeated at Battle of Bannockburn by Robert Bruce. |
1327 |
Edward III becomes king, after his father had been deposed and murdered. |
1328 |
Independence of Scotland recognized. |
1333 |
Edward III defeats the Scots at the Battle of Halidon Hill. |
1338 |
Beginning of the “Hundred Years’ War” between England and France, when Edward III claims the French crown. Immigrant Flemish weavers develop the woollen trade in England. |
1340 |
French naval defeat off Sluys; England secures command of the Channel. |
1346 |
English victory at Battle of Crecy, and siege of Calais. |
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